Research Circumcision:
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What is Circumcision?
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Male circumcision is a surgery to remove the prepuce (foreskin), a double-sided sleeve of skin and soft mucosal tissue that completely encloses and protects the glans (the head of the penis). The foreskin provides sensation and lubrication for the penis. In most cases, circumcision is elective surgery, which means there isn't a medical reason for it.
Parents are encouraged to read as much as possible about circumcision. They should make themselves aware of the complexities of the circumcision procedure itself. Speak to your doctor about the step-by-step procedure. If possible, ask to observe a circumcision at your hospital, so that you will know fully what is involved. If that is not possible, you can view videos of the surgery online. |
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Circumcision Rates Around the World:
History of Circumcision:
Medical Authorities on Circumcision:
- Steep Drop Seen in Circumcisions in U.S
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html - Infant circumcision rate statistics for most states in the U.S.
http://www.mgmbill.org/statistics.html - United States Circumcision Incidence
http://www.cirp.org/library/statistics/USA/ - Trends in In-Hospital Newborn Male Circumcision (United States) 1999-2010
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6034a4.htm?s_cid=mm6034a4_w - Global estimates in 2006 suggest that about 30% of males worldwide are circumcised
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/infopack_en_2.pdf
History of Circumcision:
- History of Circumcision, Medical Conditions, and Sexual Activity and Risk of Penile Cancer
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/maden/ - What were the original motivations behind routine infant circumcision in the West?
http://www.cirp.org/pages/whycirc.html - Historical Circumcision Quotes in medical journals by doctors
http://www.sexuallymutilatedchild.org/shorthis.htm - Histories of Circumcision in USA, Australia and Britain
http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/ - ICGI Medicalization of Circumcision Slideshow
http://www.icgi.org/medicalization/ - Podcast: J. Steven Svoboda of ARC Law discusses the history of circumcision through 2013
http://mariasanchezshow.com/steven-svoboda-mp3/ - Timeline of Medical Circumcision http://www.whale.to/a/timeline.html
- Adam Ruins Everything: The Real Reason You're Circumcised
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCSWbTv3hng
Medical Authorities on Circumcision:
- American Academy of Pediatrics Circumcision Policy Statement
http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx - An American doctor questions cultural beliefs she was raised with
https://web.archive.org/web/20070120132339/https://www.drcat.org/articles_interviews/html/firstcut.html - Circumcision of Infant Males
http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E - Circumcision of Male Infants as a Human Rights Violation
http://arclaw.org/sites/default/files/Svoboda-JME-Human-Rights-Final-Approved-Proof-2-15-13.pdf - Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/03/12/peds.2012-2896.full.pdf+html
- Doctors Opposing Circumcision Genital Integrity Statement
http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/GenitalIntegrityStatement.pdf - Finnish Medical Association's Stance on Circumcision
http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Legislation%20on%20circumcision%20stalled/1135256085478 - Foreskins for Keeps - An Idea Whose Time Has Come by Midwife Glorida Lemay http://www.midwiferytoday.com/articles/foreskins.asp
- Medical Organization Official Policy Statements
http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ - Medical Research Studies on Circumcision
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2012/01/medical-research-studies-on-circumcision.html - Nurses for the Rights of the Child
http://www.nurses.cirp.org/ - Routine circumcision: the opposing view by Andrew E MacNeily, MD, FRCSC, FAAP
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2422979/ - Summary of worldwide medical association position papers
http://www.nocirc.org/position/ - The case against circumcision by Douglas Gairdner, D.M., M.R.C.P.
http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/ - The Case Against Circumcision by Paul Fleiss, MD, MPH
http://www.drmomma.org/2009/11/case-against-circumcision.html - The Psychological Impact of Circumcision by Dr. Ronald Goldman
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x/abstract - U.S. Research Attorney Says Circumcision Causes Lifelong Harm
http://www.prweb.com/releases/2002/06/prweb41148.htm - We Need to Stop Circumcision by Christiane Northrup, MD
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christiane-northrup/we-need-to-stop-circumcis_b_470689.html - What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Circumcision (Paperback)
http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0446678805/ref=sr_1_olp_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252896640&sr=1-1 - Whether or Not to Circumcise | Ask Dr. Sears
http://www.askdrsears.com/html/1/T012000.asp
Circumcision Myths
Circumcision Myths & Facts (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wIew1NFQSE&feature=player_embedded
UTIs & Circumcision:
HIV & Circumcision:
Circumcision Myths & Facts (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wIew1NFQSE&feature=player_embedded
UTIs & Circumcision:
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) by Doctors Opposing Circumcision
https:www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/urinary-tract-infections/ - UTIs & More - Your Whole Baby
https://www.yourwholebaby.org/utis-more/ - Circumcision Fails to Meet the Criteria to Serve as a Preventative Measure for UTI
https://www.facebook.com/WholeNetwork/photos/a.124738634237425.10514.121502171227738/667494186628531/?type=3&theater - Cultural Bias and the Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Circumcision Controversy
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/altschul/ - Circumcision makes a baby boy 12 times more likely to get a MRSA infection http://www.nocirc.org/publish/12-AnswersMRSA.pdf
- Circumcision and Urinary Tract Infection
http://www.circumstitions.com/Utis.html - Is the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection Really the Pivotal Issue?
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/chessare/ - How circumcision can CAUSE UTIs
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/ - How the Foreskin Protects Against Urinary Tract Infections
http://www.drmomma.org/2009/12/how-foreskin-protects-against-uti.html - Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/pisacane/
HIV & Circumcision:
- HIV/AIDS by Doctors Opposing Circumcision
https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/ - HIV & Circumcision by Your Whole Baby
https://www.yourwholebaby.org/hiv/ - Male Circumcision – A Dangerous Mistake in the HIV Battle
http://www.intactamerica.org/dangerousmistake - Dr. Dean Edell discusses the misleading and unsound arguments in the current drive to circumcise Africa
http://youtu.be/OlsUg0sdAtE - Male circumcision: a role in HIV prevention?
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vincenzi/ - Circumcision does not affect HIV in U.S. men: study
http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/04/us-aids-circumcision-idUSN0345545120071204 - Where Circumcision Doesn't Prevent HIV
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2011/08/where-circumcision-doesnt-prevent-hiv.html - Circumcised Children are More Likely to have HIV
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2206 - Circumcision and HIV infection
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/ - Circumcision and HIV
http://www.circumcisionandhiv.com/ - African clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns
(Downloadable PDF Below)
http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/23477339/1441224426/name/JLM_boyle_hill.pdf - How the circumcision solution in Africa will increase HIV infections
https://web.archive.org/web/20120828003100/http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/jphia.2011.e4/html_9?mid=54866 - Flawed Studies Used to Claim Circumcision Reduces HIV Infection
http://www.salem-news.com/articles/december112011/circumcision-hiv-rg.php - U.S. Navy Finds That Circumcision Does Not Prevent HIV or STIs
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2011/10/us-navy-finds-that-circumcision-does-not-prevent-hiv-or-stis.html - New Study: Australia Rejects Circumcision as a Preventative for HIV
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2011/10/new-study-australia-rejects-circumcision-as-a-preventative-for-hiv.html - The Cost to Circumcise Africa
http://www.icgi.org/Downloads/IAS/McAllister.pdf - Scientists Discover 'Natural Barrier' to HIV (in the Langerhans cells of the natural prepuce) http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=602421&ei=N-sFUN3GG8mK2gWq4624BQ&usg=AFQjCNHOrnU4KRTdG8xnhQjumNiQ_pjpvQ
- 2007 Rakai Trial Found Genital Hygiene More Effective Than Circumcision
https://sites.google.com/site/davidgisselquist/have-who-and-unaids-gotten-the-wrong-message-from-studies-of-circumcision-to-reduce-mens-risk-for-hiv - Saving Babies: We need to talk... about HIV http://saving-babies.blogspot.com/2012/02/we-need-to-talk-about-hiv.html
- Circumcised Men on Sex Spree "They Think They are Immune to HIV"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130219024911/http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/10/31/circumcised-men-on-sex-spree-they-think-they-are-immune-to-hiv-18495/ - Push for male circumcision in Nyanza fails to reduce infections
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000093293 - Circumcision doesn't reduce HIV spread
http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1360190/-/axfghjz/-/index.html - HIV and Circumcision: The Emperor's New Condom
https://hivinkenya.blogspot.com/2012/03/hiv-and-circumcision-emperors-new.html
| African clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns |
| Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention Insufficient Evidence and Neglected External Validity |
STDs & Circumcision:
Cancer & Circumcision:
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) by Doctors Opposing Circumcision
https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/sexually-transmitted-infections/ - Sexually Transmitted Infections and Male Circumcision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/urology/2013/109846/
- Male circumcision and common sexually transmissible diseases in a developed nation setting
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/donovan1/ - Clinical Presentation of Genital Warts Among Heterosexual Men Attending an Urban STD Clinic
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/cook2/ - Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/cook1/ - Prevalence, Prophylactic Effects, and Sexual Practice
http://www.cirp.org/news/1997.04.01_AMA/ - External Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence (HPV):
"Neither condom usage nor circumcision was associated with HPV DNA prevalence."
http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/203/1/58.abstract?sid=8b0e0470-d2bf-4989-b147-bfdd83c72abb - Circumcised Men Abandoning Condoms
https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-swaziland-south-africa-medical-male-circumcision-programs/1864352.html - Circumcised men are less likely to use condoms than intact men
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514832
- Circumcision as a Risk Factor for Urethritis in Racial Groups
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/smith/ - U.S. Navy Finds That Circumcision Does Not Prevent HIV or STIs
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2011/10/us-navy-finds-that-circumcision-does-not-prevent-hiv-or-stis.html - New Study: Circumcision Increases Likelihood of STI & HIV Infections
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/14/post/2012/08/new-study-circumcision-increases-likelihood-of-sti-hiv-infections.html - The Nigeria Center for Disease Control found people who had undergone local circumcisions were 43% more likely to contract hepatitis B and 52% more likely to contract hepatitis C.
http://allafrica.com/stories/201312240022.html - Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that the median time to clearance of any HPV infection was significantly longer among circumcised men than uncircumcised men. Similarly, median time to clearance of oncogenic HPV and non-oncogenic HPV types was significantly shorter among uncircumcised men than circumcised men. Median time to clearance was also significantly shorter among uncircumcised men than circumcised men for HPV types 6 (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44-0.81), 16 (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.75), and 51 (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.95) (Table 4). Correspondingly, the probability of clearing an HPV infection was significantly lower among circumcised men compared to uncircumcised men.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2334-14-75.pdf - 2,519 men were studied to see if any link could be established between HPV and HIV infection. One conclusion of this 2014 study is that disease "estimates did not differ by circumcision status."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149088
Cancer & Circumcision:
- Cancer of the Penis by Doctors Opposing Circumcision
https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/cancer-of-the-penis/ - Prostate Cancer by Doctors Opposing Circumcision
https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/prostate-cancer/ - Cervical Cancer
https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/cervical-cancer/ - The American Cancer Society on circumcision and penile/cervical cancer
http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/letters/1996-02_ACS/ - Can Penile Cancer be Prevented
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html - Circumcision and Cancer
http://www.circumstitions.com/Cancer.html
- Cancer of the Cervix in Reference to Circumcision and Marital History
http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/stern1/ - Cervical Cancer and partners' circumcision status
http://www.circumstitions.com/Cancer.html#cervical - Carcinoma developed in circumcision scars on the penile shaft
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3944860 - Circumcision & Prostate Cancer: A conversation between radio host Pete Morgan, Su-Anna Boddy, (Paediatric
Urologist at St. George's Hospital in London) and David Smith of NORM-UK (The National Organization of Restoring Men.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZ602vTzs0c
Images and Videos of Infant Circumcision
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- The Circumcision of Benjamin (in photographs)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brotherk/sets/72157631638325100/ - Neonatal Circumcision [Gomco clamp]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXVFFI76ff0 - Pat's Informative Baby Circumcision Site
https://web.archive.org/web/20080805082507/http://geocities.com/painfulquestioning/unnatural - Plastibell Infant Circumcision (with captions) http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xk8q2v_plastibell-infant-circumcision_news
- Methods of Circumcision
http://www.circumcisionquotes.com/methods.html - What Happens During Circumcision?
http://www.cirp.org/library/procedure/plastibell/ - General Circumcision Description
http://www.circumcisionquotes.com/description.html - Circumcision Videos
http://www.circumcisionquotes.com/video.html - Plastibell Circumcision by Dr. Milton Sales
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ra5t0OsmWf0 - Birth As We Know It: Circumcision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmX6RdRNoqk&feature=player_embedded - Neonatal Circumcision: Stanford School of Medicine
https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision.html - The Surgery: Infant Circumcision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDuDhkiDdns&feature=player_embedded
Female and Intersex Genital Cutting
FGM
Intersex
- As a girl, the Dutch politician and author Ayaan Hirsi Ali was subjected to female circumcision. She shared her feelings on male genital cutting: "The foreskin is cut off the penis. That's a form of mutilation. You should leave the child as he is, as he comes out of the womb. He's finished, he's complete. You shouldn't take things off, especially when there's no medical reason. I think male circumcision is worse than an incision of a girl. With boys, a lot of skin is removed. The consequences can be worse for boys than for girls."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFNhM-F089E - Attitudes of Circumcised Women Towards Discontinuation of Genital Cutting of Their Daughters in Kenya
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992698 - "Circumcision is OK" say women and men (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcJNAtn-c6I - Empowered Circumcised Women
http://www.fuambaisiaahmadu.com/blog/empowered-circumcised-women-yes-crazy-as-we-want-to-be-five-good-reasons-to-read-sia-magazine - Female & Male Genital Mutilation in the USA (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QTfrLWfl6k - Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?https://web.archive.org/web/20130417020935/http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=11&abstractId=2177677
- Female circumcision not mutilation
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/25/asia-pacific/female-circumcision-not-mutilation-jakarta/ - Have you sunat your girls?
http://www.mummysg.com/forums/f40/have-you-sunat-your-girls-29826/ - The Light of my Love: The Circumcision
https://web.archive.org/web/20120830022937/http://aandes.blogspot.ca/2010/04/circumcision.html - Medical benefits of female circumcision
http://islamqa.info/en/45528 - Muslim Female Circumcision in Malaysia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-cwaJJBmNs&feature=youtu.be - Pleasure and orgasm in women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17970975 - Similarities in Attitudes and Misconceptions toward Infant Male Circumcision in North America and Ritual Female Genital Mutilation in Africa
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152068735821388&set=pb.41930706387.-2207520000.1389811029.&&theater - Women's Attitudes Towards Discontinuation of Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3134892/
Intersex
- Hypospadias Resources
http://www.thewholenetwork.org/the-foreskin-and-penis.html#confusion - Paediatric Surgeon Mika Venhola on INTERSEX (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riNtxjntqZE - The Intersex Roadshow http://intersexroadshow.blogspot.com/
- Intersex - In the Middle (video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwvYxMl3jbQ - Intersex Society of North America
http://www.isna.org/ - Living Intersex: More Than Just Male or Female
http://www.collegian.com/2014/03/living-intersex-more-than-just-male-or-female/71919/ - XXXY
http://vimeo.com/66443054
Interviews About Circumcision
- The Penis - Sex Education 101: Marilyn Milos, R.N., founder of NOCIRC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgoTRMKrJo4 - American Academy of Pediatrics on Circumcision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_dxaM_h1go - Circumcision Myths & Facts
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wIew1NFQSE&feature=player_embedded - Man discusses his own Circumcision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLVGFF8UKzA - Ken McGrath, Senior Lecturer in Pathology at the Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology and Member of the New Zealand Institute of Medical Laboratory Scientists discusses his research into the neural anatomy of the human penis and the physical damages caused by circumcision.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/5/DD2yW7AaZFw - THE TRUTH ABOUT CIRCUMCISION - Onision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXbl83m0tQ0 - I LOVE FORESKIN (wtf circumcision?) by Laci Green
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbTdkWV89Ak - The Truth About Circumcision with Stefan Molyneux
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_zkKciuIpA&feature=youtu.be&annotation_id=annotation_2232479657&feature=iv&src_vid=m_zkKciuIpA&t=4m43s - Peter Adler, Esquire, legal advisor to Attorneys for the Rights of the Child (ARC LAW) discusses the events that led to his studying the legal issues around genital cutting of children.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/0/qKGMctd4Lak - Zenas Baer, J.D. discusses the events that led him to studying the legal issues around circumcision of children and representing clients harmed by forced circumcision.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/1/zlbY_JI2Acc - John V. Geisheker, J.D., LL.M., Executive Director of Doctors Opposing Circumcision discusses marketing circumcision and the lack of medical ethics in doctors who profit from genital abuse of children.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/26/zktbJgd217I - Mark D. Reiss, M.D., Executive Vice-President of Doctors Opposing Circumcision (DOC) discusses the bias for cut genitals in a circumcising society, and the sexual benefits of having a complete set.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/27/ruJ62wHpHuw - Tora Spigner RN MSN discusses personal observations and experiences around infant circumcision that informed her advocacy for genital integrity rights for all children.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D?feature=watch#p/u/60/GQiVdAq-U4s - James L. Snyder, M.D., F.A.C.S., Past President of the Virginia Urological Society discusses the controversy around infant circumcision. Conversation recorded in San Francisco, California July 29, 2010.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Bonobo3D#p/u/13/XrcMYq0ASB8 - Youtuber Onision sounds off on circumcision "benefits".
http://youtu.be/xVZ8g-WB4EQ - Youtube Vlogger GabeandJesss talks about circumcision.
http://youtu.be/H4p9O3HSpaY
Blogs About Circumcision
- 4Skin FTW
http://4skinftw.blogspot.com - 5 reasons parents give for choosing circumcision, and why those reasons are not valid
http://iinformedparenting.blogspot.com/2010/09/5-reasons-parents-give-for-choosing.html - A Case Against Circumcision https://web.archive.org/web/20120229130058/http://www.owningpink.com/blogs/owning-pink/case-against-circumcision
- A father's talk with his son about infant circumcision
http://www.restoringtally.com/blog/2010/03/fathers-talk-his-son-about-infant-circumcision - Actor Alan Cumming: "May the foreskin be with you!"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120302184523/http://www.alancumming.com/blog.php?id=525 - Boys Deserve Better
http://boysdeservebetter.wordpress.com - Birth Without Fear: Circumcision
http://birthwithoutfearblog.com/category/related-topics/circumcision-2/ - Breeding an Angry New Generation of Circumcised Men